If the blood does not agglutinate, it indicates that the blood does not have the antigens binding the special antibody in the reagent. If you know which antigens are in the person's blood, it's easy to figure out which blood group he or she belongs to!
For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB0 and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the patient blood. If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump or agglutinate.
The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient. The A antigen and the A antibodies can bind to each other in the same way that the B antigens can bind to the B antibodies.
This is what would happen if, for instance, a B blood person receives blood from an A blood person. The red blood cells will be linked together, like bunches of grapes, by the antibodies.
As mentioned earlier, this clumping could lead to death. Of course you can always give A blood to persons with blood group A, B blood to a person with blood group B and so on. But in some cases you can receive blood with another type of blood group, or donate blood to a person with another kind of blood group. The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens.
But if a person who is going to receive blood has antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump. Have you played the new version of the popular Blood Typing Game? You can reach it from here. Play the Blood Typing game old version. About the educational games. The educational games are based on Nobel Prize awarded discoveries and were produced between and Most games have not been updated since production including potential scientific facts changes and are provided here on an 'as is' basis by popular demand.
Some of the games run in modern browsers without the need of any plugin either as a new version or using Ruffle , but many of the games still require Adobe Flash Player.
Flash is an old technology that has reached end of life. These games will no longer work without a dedicated setup. If you are depending on these games in your profession, please advice your local IT support. We do not have the resources to provide support. In an ABO incompatibility reaction, your immune system attacks the new blood cells and destroys them.
If you have type AB blood, you have both A and B antigens. However, you can only donate blood to other people who have type AB blood. You can give your blood to anyone without triggering their immune system, but you can only receive type O blood.
Before a blood transfusion, your doctor will test your blood to determine your blood type. A small sample will be crossmatched with some of your donated blood. The two samples of blood are then mixed and watched for a reaction. Human error is the most likely cause of an ABO incompatibility reaction.
If your transfusion uses the wrong blood type, it could be the result of mislabeled blood, incorrectly completed forms, or a failure to check donated blood before the transfusion.
These may include:. Medical staff will stop the blood transfusion if they suspect you might be having an incompatibility reaction. Learn more: Transfusion reactions ». Your doctor will test samples of your blood for evidence of destruction of your red blood cells. While these procedures are performed, your doctor or nurse will monitor your vital signs, including your:. You may need to enter the intensive care unit.
After stopping your blood transfusion, the medical staff will attach a saline drip to the line to keep it open. You may receive oxygen and intravenous fluids. You may also receive a drug to increase your urine output. However, most hospitals and blood banks have systems in place to reduce the chance that such a reaction will occur. These include:. Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions occur if donated blood cells are attacked by matching host antibodies. This can cause shock-like symptoms, such as fever, hypotension, and disseminated intravascular coagulation from immune system mediated endothelial damage.
Transfusion reactions are also associated with acute renal failure. Lung injury is common as well, due to pulmonary edema from fluid overload if plasma volume becomes too high or neutrophil activation during a transfusion reaction. If the donated blood is contaminated with bacteria, it may induce septic shock in the patient. This condition, known as hemolytic disease of the newborn HDN or erythroblastosis fetalis, may cause anemia in mild cases, but the agglutination and hemolysis can be so severe that without treatment the fetus may die in the womb or shortly after birth.
Complement-mediated hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes results in a lack of sufficient cells for proper oxygenation of the fetus. It has proven remarkably effective in decreasing the incidence of HDN. Since the introduction of RhoGAM in , the incidence has dropped to about 0.
Skip to main content. Chapter 10 — Blood. Search for:. Blood Typing and Blood Transfusion Blood transfusions in humans were risky procedures until the discovery of the major human blood groups by Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian biologist and physician, in Because the arms of the Y-shaped antibodies attach randomly to more than one nonself erythrocyte surface, they form clumps of erythrocytes.
This process is called agglutination. The clumps of erythrocytes block small blood vessels throughout the body, depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients. As the erythrocyte clumps are degraded, in a process called hemolysis , their hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream. This hemoglobin travels to the kidneys, which are responsible for filtration of the blood.
Rh Blood Groups — Rhesus Factor The Rh blood group is classified according to the presence or absence of a second erythrocyte antigen identified as Rh. Figure 1: Blood group testing.
0コメント