Aplastic anemia can occur at any age. But it is more common among teens, young adults, and older adults. Your risk increases if you:. These symptoms may look like other blood disorders or health problems. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis. Your healthcare provider will take your medical history and give you a physical exam. You may also have tests such as:. Blood tests. These may include blood chemistries, evaluation of liver and kidney functions, and genetic studies.
Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy. This involves taking a small amount of bone marrow fluid aspiration or solid bone marrow tissue called a core biopsy. These are usually taken from the hip bones. Immunosuppressive drug therapy with anti-thymocyte globulin ATG and cyclosporine may be recommended for these patients.
While drug therapy is not a cure for aplastic anemia, it may partially restore blood cell production. However, up to 50 percent of patients relapse or develop other blood-forming malignancies or disorders. The medications also may be given before a stem cell transplant. Side effects include fever, high blood pressure and kidney problems. Additionally there has been a single new drug approved for SAA in the past 30 years: eltrombopag. This is currently an option for patients in whom bone marrow transplantation may not be possible.
Supportive care Supportive care and long term follow-up are imperative in the management of aplastic anemia. A central venous catheter — a tube that carries medicines to a vein in the chest — may be helpful for aplastic anemia patients who require frequent transfusions or infused medications. Patients with deficiencies in certain blood elements may require urgent support with infused blood products, such as packed red blood cells to correct or avoid cardiopulmonary complications.
The goal of platelet therapy should be to maintain a platelet count to prevent spontaneous bleeding. Because fungal and bacterial infections are a major cause of death in patients with severe aplastic anemia, patients may require therapy with antibiotics, or with antiviral or antifungal agents.
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Cancer Matters timely topics Our Cancer for caregivers. Contact us or find a patient care location. Privacy Statement. Non-Discrimination Notice. All rights reserved. Skip Navigation. The most common cause of aplastic anemia is from your immune system attacking the stem cells in your bone marrow.
Other factors that can injure bone marrow and affect blood cell production include:. Some people with aplastic anemia also have a rare disorder known as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, which causes red blood cells to break down too soon. This condition can lead to aplastic anemia, or aplastic anemia can evolve into paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Fanconi's anemia is a rare, inherited disease that leads to aplastic anemia.
Children born with it tend to be smaller than average and have birth defects, such as underdeveloped limbs. The disease is diagnosed with the help of blood tests. There's no prevention for most cases of aplastic anemia. Avoiding exposure to insecticides, herbicides, organic solvents, paint removers and other toxic chemicals might lower your risk of the disease.
Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. When blood tests show that all blood cell numbers are reduced , a bone marrow examination is done.
Aplastic anemia is diagnosed when microscopic examination of a sample of bone marrow Bone Marrow Examination Red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the bone marrow, the soft fatty tissue inside bone cavities.
Sometimes a sample of bone marrow must be examined to determine People with severe aplastic anemia may die unless immediately treated. Transfusions Overview of Blood Transfusion A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or a blood component from one healthy person a donor to a sick person a recipient.
Transfusions are given to increase the blood's ability to Stem cell transplantation Stem Cell Transplantation Stem cell transplantation is the removal of stem cells undifferentiated cells from a healthy person and their injection into someone who has a serious blood disorder. See also Overview of If transplantation is not possible, people are given antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine to suppress the immune system and allow the bone marrow stem cells to regenerate.
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